Basic and applied research in science and engineering conducted in the United States, where the resulting information is ordinarily published and shared broadly within the scientific community. Such research can be distinguished from sensitive government research, proprietary research, industrial development, design, production, and product utilization, the results of which ordinarily are restricted for proprietary reasons or specific national security reasons. Restrictions or required approvals on publications and/or the use of foreign nationals will negate the fundamental research exemption.